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Objective To explore the influence of agricultural mechanization progress on epidemic intensity of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) so as to provide reference for prevention and control of HFRS in rural areas.Methods Data of HFRS epidemics and agricultural mechanization progress of Qingdao City and five main epidemic areas of HFRS were collected by retrospective analysis methods.Agricultural mechanization progress,time distribution,incidence rate of HFRS and capture rate of rats were compared,respectively.Risk factors were analyzed by case-control study using simple random sampling method.Cases of case group were selected from HFRS cases of Jiaonan County recovered between 2012 and 2013.The control group was healthy residents with a equal number of the case group.Residential locations,work ways,rodent infestation at work locations and in residential areas and skin injury conditions were surveyed by a household questionnaire survey.Results Agricultural machinery gross power of Qingdao City was developed from 174.76 megawatts of electricity (mwe) in 1985 to 854.00 mwe in 2015.The comprehensive mechanization degree marched from 60.0％ in 1994 to 90.2％ in 2015.HFRS incidence in Qingdao City declined from the first epidemic peak (1986) of 32.97/100 000 to the third peak (2012) of 3.54/100 000.HFRS incidence in Jiaonan,Jiaozhou,Pingdu,Laixi,Jimo cities reduced from the first epidemic peak (1985 or 1986) of 101.25/100 000,86.37/100 000,35.80/100 000,11.55/100 000,8.13/100 000 to the third peak(2012) of 14.68/100 000,4.43/100 000,2.33/100 000,6.02/100 000,3.26/100 000.The platform stage of epidemic peak in autumn and winter shortened from 4 or 5 months to 2 months.The capture rate of rats fluctuated around 2％.The infection risk of small farm implements or handwork was greater than huge mechanization (OR =0.01,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Agricultural mechanization changes the agricultural activity patterns to a large extent and lowers the HFRS epidemic by minimizing the risk of infection and shortening the platform stage of epidemic peak.The higher the degree of mechanization,the lower the epidemic intensity.
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Objective To investigate the influence of host animals on epidemics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) so as to provide a basis for effective control of HFRS.Methods From the national infectious disease network direct reporting system,the incidence of HFRS cases diagnosed by direct diagnosis of medical institutions in Qingdao was collected from 2011-2015.We captured rats indoor and outdoor by night trapping method quarterly and calculated the capture rates from 2011-2015 in Qingdao areas.The incidence of HFRS in different regions and the change of seasonal growth,the distribution of host animals,the characteristics and distribution of animals,and the seasonal variation of dominant species were analyzed and a database was set up and statistic analysis was conducted by SPSS 13.0.Results The peak incidence rate of HFRS in Qingdao areas occurred in 2012 (3.54/100 000) and presented a decrease trend year by year (x2 =64.15,P ＜ 0.05),but there were different characteristics among the epidemic areas,and lowest in 2015 (1.68/100 000).And the peak presented a two-peak pattern which was mainly an autumn peak and a gentle peak in late spring and early summer.The epidemics were gradually decreased from the rural areas to the urban fringes and then the urban areas.The seasonal variation was disappeared gradually.There was a heavy epidemic intensity in areas with a high capture rate and a complex type of host animals.The epidemic peak was in consistence with the distribution of rats.Capture rates were different among the epidemic areas.The capture rate in Jiaonan was the highest [5.32％(2 886/54 287)] and lowest in Pingdu [1.77％ (258/14 584)].The mean (x2 =820.39,P ＜ 0.05) and annual capture rates (x22011-2015 =32.61,356.24,233.07,129.33,33.42,all P ＜ 0.05) among epidemic areas were different.In the third quarter the accumulated capture rate was the highest [4.69％ (1 187/25 301)].In total 8 kinds of host animals were captured and the dominant species were brown rat [30.27％ (1 235/4 080)],house mouse[29.75％ (1 214/4 080)] and striped field mouse [16.25％ (663/4 080)].Conclusions The epidemic intensity of HFRS is related to the densities and the types of host animals.The gradually decreased epidemic pattern from the rural areas to the urban fringes and then the urban areas may be related to urbanization and improved health behaviors.
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Objective To investigate the influence of the variations of an epidemic focus on hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) so as to provide a basis for effective control of HFRS.Methods HFRS epidemic data from the rapid development of urbanization of Huangdao District and the general development of Jiaonan City were collected and analyzed retrospectively from 1979 to 2014.And the HFRS cases,incidences,host animals and Hantavirus surveillances were compared.Results The three epidemic peaks occurred from 1979 to 2014 in Huangdao District and Jiaonan City,they were in the mid-1980s (1983-1987),the late 1990s (1995-1999) and around 2012 (2010-2014),and 954,80,37 and 2 506,614,432 cases were reported,respectively,in Huangdao District and Jiaonan City.The three peak years were 1986,1999 and 2012.And the annual incidences of Huangdao District were 385.73/100 000,15.64/100 000 and 2.51/100 000,respectively.The annual incidences of Jiaonan City were 67.07/100 000,28.68/100 000 and 14.68/100 000,respectively.The three peaks obviously appeared double peaks [the autumn and winter (from Oct.to Dec.) and the spring (from Jan.to Feb.)] in Jiaonan City.And the first peaks in Huangdao District was in the autumn and winter (from Oct.to Dec.) and the spring (from Jan.to Feb.),the second and the third were only in the autumn and winter (from Oct.to Dec.).Eight kinds of host animals were detected in Jiaonan City from 2005 to 2014.They were house mouse [27.53％ (1 108/4 024)],brown rat [25.50％ (1 026/ 4 024)],striped field mouse [14.84％ (597/4 024)],black rat [10.74％ (432/4 024)],hamsters [11.01％ (443/4 024)],shrew [8.72％ (351/4 024)],back grain hamster [1.02％ (41/4 024)] and club rat [0.65％ (26/4 024)].Two kinds of host animals were detected in Huangdao District.They were house mouse [57.14％ (16/28)] and brown rat [42.86％ (12/28)].The capture rates in Jiaonan City were higher than those of Huangdao District.The capture rate in 2012 was 8.04％ (855/10 638) and the capture rates in Huangdao District were all lower than 0.84％.The total detection rate in Jiaonan City was 2.81％ (113/4 024).And there was no positive detection for ten years in Huangdao District.Conclusions HFRS epidemic intensities have receded gradually in Huangdao District and Jiaonan City.The epidemic in Huangdao District obviously presents a low epidemic condition after the first peak.The few kinds and low densities of host animals are resulting in the sustainable condition.The evolution of epidemic patterns of HFRS is related to the change of epidemic sources by the differences in urbanization between the two places.
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Objective To understand the ecological developmental characteristics of rats in the epidemic areas of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) so as to provide a basis for effective control of HFRS.Methods Based on the China National Disease Surveillance Reporting and Management System,data of HFRS cases from 2010 to 2014 were collected and analyzed by retrospective analysis.Meanwhile surveillance data of rats were collected and the capture rates in different seasons,genders and districts were also analyzed.Results Totally 51,92,129,85 and 71 cases of HFRS were reported from 2010 to 2014.Most HFRS cases occurred from October to November which were 43,59,78,37 and 37,respectively.Totally 2902 rats were captured from 2010 to 2014.The five-year average capture rate was 4.87％ (2902/59610).The highest capture rate was 6.94％ (910/13107) in the third quarter and the outdoor capture rate (5.80％,1681/28987) was higher than that of indoor(3.99％,1221/30623,x2 =324.35,P ＜ 0.05).More male rats were captured than female rats and the overall proportion was 62.82％ (348/554) and 37.18％ (206/554),respectively.The outdoor rats were mainly Apodemus agrarius (556),Cricetulus triton (432),Rattus noruegicus (217),Mus musculus (211) and Sorex araneus (139),and the indoor rats were mainly Mus musculus (514),Rattus noruegicus (469) and Sorex araneus (181).The black rat disappeared and White-bellied rat appeared.Conclusions The rat density keeps higher all year round and the type of rats has become increasingly complex.Mixed living of indoor and outdoor rats increased the infection probability of different types of Hantavirus,which has an immediate impact on the spreading pattern of HFRS.
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Objective To investigate the pH changes of arterial blood in patients with acute left heart failure.Methods Thirty-eight patients with acute left heart failure were selected as our subjects,who all underwent diuresis,the strong heart diuresis,dilation of blood vessels,reducing the load on the heart,and making water and electrolyte balance of conventional medication,and then parallel oxygen mask,respirator mode synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation(SIMV).If hypoxia was not significantly improved,and positive pressure ventilation with end expiratory(PEEP) treatment was conducted.Results After treatment,the level of pH,heart rate(HR),breathing rate(RR),arterial partial pressure of oxygen(PaO2),arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PaCO2) and mean arterial pressure(MAP) were (7.4 ± 0.3,86.3 ± 6.2) times/min,(22.5 ±4.8) times/min,(84.8 ±7.3) mmHg,(43.3 ±5.5) mmHg,(81.1 ±3.2) mmHg,different from those before treatment(7.1 ±0.1),(118.3 ±8.2) times/min,(36.2 ±7.1) times/min,(47.2 ±6.6) mmHg,(48.3 ±5.2) mmHg,(96.2 ±4.5) mmHg),and the differences were significant (t =5.848,19.188,9.854,23.552,4.072,16.857 respectively; P ＜ 0.01).With the progress of treatment,pH value and pHi value in patients showed a rising trend.Regression analysis showed a positive correlation and the regression equation was Y =-0.559 4 + 1.103 7X.Conclusion Patients with acute left heart failure show abnormal blood pH level and the corresponding change inside red blood cells.Then it causes changes in arterial blood oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells,reduces the cell through the capillary capacity.Therefore,it can result in decrease of gas exchange levels in patients and hypoxia.Treatment should be considered imbalance the body of the improved state of acid-base.
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Objective To investigate the effects of azithromycin on airway remodeling and the expression of transforming growth factorβ1 (TGF-β1) in asthmatic mice.Methods BALB/c male mice were random divided into 3 groups:control group(A),asthma group (B),and azithromycin treated group (C),with 10 mice in each group.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected to count the number of white blood cells and eosinophilic granulocytes EOS.The morphological parameters of the bronchi were measured by computer image analysis and the pathologic changes of the bronchi and lung tissue were observed by HE staining.The expressions of TGF-β1 were detected by immunohistochemistry.Results The number of EOS in B group was significantly higher than that in control group(8.12 ±0.54 vs 0.70 ±0.40;8.12 ±0.54 vs 0.87 ±0.25,P ＜0.01).WAt and WAi and WAm in group C was significantly lower than that in group B (10.15 ±0.95 vs 15.36 ±0.85,4.16 ±0.32 vs 10.64 ± 1.03,3.77 ±0.15 vs 7.97 ±0.17,P ＜0.01)but higher than that in group A.The expression of TGF-β1 in group C was significantly lower than that in group B but higher than that in group A.TGF-β1 expression of lung tissue in C group was significantly correlated with EOS,(r =0.840,P ＜0.01) and WAt(r =0.735,P ＜0.01) and WAm (r =0.870,P ＜0.01).Conclusion Azithromycin inhibited airway remodeling in asthmatic mice,which might possibly be achieved through inhibiting the expression of TGF-β1.
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Objective To investigate the correlation between heat-shock protein 70-2 (HSP70-2) gene+1267A/G polymorphism and coronary heart disease (CHD) in Han Chinese population. Methods Using the method of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) , the polymorphism and genotype and allele distribution of HSP70-2 gene + 1267A/G in 185 CHD patients and 149 controls were analyzed. Results The HSP70-2 gene + 1267A/G polymorphism was found in this study population.The distribution of HSP70-2 genotypes was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The frequency of G allele in CHD group was significantly higher than that in control (61.89% vs51.68%, P ＜ 0. 01). After multiple logistic regression analysis, HSP70-2 gene (GG + AG) genotype was an independent risk factor of coronary heart disease. Conclusion HSP70-2 gene + 1267A/G polymorphism was associated with CHD risk of Han Chinese population, the G allele might serve as a genetic risk factor of coronary heart disease.